Influence of Zeolite Y Loading on Product Distribution and GC-MS Characterization of Bio-oil from Achyranthes aspera Wood Residue Pyrolysis
Keywords:
Achyranthes aspera, Bio-oil, Catalytic Pyrolysis, Zeolite Y, Phenolic Enrichment, GC-MS CharacterizationAbstract
Biomass-derived bio-oil is a promising renewable alternative to fossil fuels; however, its high oxygen content, chemical instability, and acidity severely limit direct utilization. This study presents the first systematic investigation of the catalytic pyrolysis of Achyranthes aspera wood residue; an abundant yet underutilized lignocellulosic biomass in Nigeria using zeolite Y catalyst to improve bio-oil quality at the molecular level. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 500 °C under an inert nitrogen atmosphere across four biomass-to-catalyst ratios: 100/0, 95/5, 90/10, and 85/15 (wt.%). Product yield analysis demonstrated that increasing zeolite Y loading induced a systematic carbon redistribution from the liquid to the gas phase: bio-oil yield declined from 52.95 wt.% (95/5) to 29.45 wt.% (85/15), while syngas yield rose proportionally from 22.40 wt.% to 53.50 wt.%, and biochar yield decreased from 25.75 wt.% to 17.05 wt.%. GC-MS characterization revealed substantial molecular transformation of the bio-oil: phenolic compounds increased from 19.95% (non-catalytic) to 33.08% (85/15), representing a 65.8% enhancement, while carboxylic acids decreased from 5.28% to 4.19%, a 20.64% reduction. ANOVA (p < 0.05) confirmed that catalyst loading significantly influenced both product distribution and bio-oil molecular composition. Mean-based linear interpolation of the product yield data identified the optimal catalytic loading range as 10–15 wt.% zeolite Y (biomass-to-catalyst ratio 90/10 to 85/15), with a precisely interpolated optimal value of 10.43 wt.% at which bio-oil yield equals its experimental mean of 45.25 wt.%. The 90/10 ratio represents the nearest experimentally tested approximation to this analytically derived optimum, delivering a balanced output of 46.75 wt.% bio-oil, 21.30 wt.% biochar, and 31.95 wt.% syngas. GC-MS quantification is acknowledged as semi-quantitative, and compositional findings are interpreted as indicative trends pending comprehensive physicochemical characterization. These findings establish A. aspera as a viable pyrolysis feedstock and demonstrate that zeolite Y effectively tailors bio-oil composition for fuel, resin, pharmaceutical, and specialty chemical applications.
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